Bailard, J.A., Comment On a Reexamination of Bagnolds Granular-Fluid Model and Bed-Load Transport-Equation - Reply, Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans and Atmospheres, 86 (C5), 4314-4315, 1981.


Bailard, J.A., and D.L. Inman, An Energetics Bedload Model For a Plane Sloping Beach - Local Transport, Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans and Atmospheres, 86 (C3), 2035-2043, 1981.


Bridge, J.S., and D.F. Dominic, Bed-Load Grain Velocities and Sediment Transport Rates, Water Resources Research, 20 (4), 476-490, 1984.


Chen, C.L., Generalized Visco-Plastic Modeling of Debris Flow, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering-Asce, 114 (3), 237-258, 1988.


Davies, T.R.H., Large Debris Flows - a Macro-Viscous Phenomenon, Acta Mechanica, 63 (1-4), 161-178, 1986.


Hanes, D.M., and D.L. Inman, Experimental Evaluation of a Dynamic Yield Criterion For Granular Fluid-Flows, Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth and Planets, 90 (B5), 3670-3674, 1985.


Hanes, D.M., and D.L. Inman, Observations of Rapidly Flowing Granular-Fluid Materials, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 150 (JAN), 357-380, 1985.


Lloyd, P.J., and P.J. Webb, The Flooding of a Powder - the Importance of Particle-Size Distribution, Powder Technology, 51 (1), 125-133, 1987.


Mainali, A., and N. Rajaratnam, Experimental-Study of Debris Flows, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering-Asce, 120 (1), 104-123, 1994.

A steady uniform flow of high concentration sand-water mixture was recirculated in a flume using a progressing cavity pump. The flume was set on a slope of 28.6%. A specially designed volumetric flow sampler was used to measure the vertical velocity and concentration profiles at the center of the channel. Velocity and concentration distributions are presented for flows with almost uniform sand particles of sizes 0.430, 0.335, and 0.215 mm. Similar distributions are also presented for flows having a mixture of these three sand sizes with a mean diameter of 0.33 mm. Mean volumetric concentrations for these flows ranged from approximately 2.5% to 43.5%. These measurements are compared with the predictions of dilatant fluid as well as laminar and turbulent Newtonian fluid models. The difficulties associated with laboratory handling and measurements of high concentration fluid flow in an open channel have been discussed.

McTigue, D.F., and S.B. Savage, Comment On a Reexamination of Bagnolds Granular-Fluid Model and Bed-Load Transport-Equation, Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans and Atmospheres, 86 (C5), 4311-4313, 1981.


Osborne, P.D., and C.E. Vincent, Vertical and horizontal structure in suspended sand concentrations and wave-induced fluxes over bedforms, Marine Geology, 131 (3-4), 195-208, 1996.

High resolution measurements of suspended sand concentrations have been made using a multi-transducer acoustic back scatter sensor over both steep and flat bedforms under low energy swell conditions with weak currents present on a macro-tidal beach in the southwest of England. Similar measurements were made over steep bedforms in a large-scale laboratory wave basin using a wave record simulated from field data. A detailed interpretation of the suspension process associated with steep vortex type ripples was made possible with knowledge of the position of the acoustic sensors relative to the bedform geometry. Analysis of time-averaged, wave ensemble-averaged suspended sediment concentrations, and velocity-concentration phase angles indicates that the bedforms are an important control on the suspension patterns produced by wave-induced flows. Steep asymmetric ripples under shoaling waves produce greater amounts of suspension than low steepness ripples due to the effects of vortex ejection associated with the steep ripples. Over rippled beds, we find evidence for a significant phase coupling between the resuspended sediment and the bedforms in the near bed region (<10 cm elevation); at higher elevations the coupling appears to be much less significant. This means that suspended sand transport rates in the near bed region, computed from fast response sensors, are highly sensitive to the positioning of the sensors, both horizontally and vertically, relative to the sea bed.

Schoonees, J.S., and A.K. Theron, Evaluation of 10 Cross-Shore Sediment Transport Morphological Models, Coastal Engineering, 25 (1-2), 1-41, 1995.

Cross-shore sediment transport models are used to model beach profile changes in order to determine, for example, coastal set-back lines, behaviour of beach fill and beach profile variations adjacent to coastal structures. A study was undertaken to evaluate ten of the most well-known mathematical cross-shore transport models with regard to different model requirements. The characteristics of these time-dependent models were investigated and the pros and cons of each are listed. The ranges of the data used to verify and calibrate these models are noted, It is concluded that the models can be classified generally into three groups with regard to their theoretical basis (re. mainly sediment transport) and the extent to which they were verified (re. mainly morphodynamics). These groups are termed the ''best'', ''acceptable'' and ''less suitable'' groups. However, it is very important to consider the specific purpose of a model application. In some instances one model may perform better while for a different purpose another model may be better. Data are generally lacking for accretionary events and for erosion cases where the significant wave heights exceed 2.5 m. Aspects presently usually not included in these models are also listed, Without direct comparative prototype tests the final conclusion as to which are the better models in practice cannot be given. Furthermore models may be best applicable under different specific conditions. Models are also constantly being improved and thus a comparative evaluation of the models can only be completely accurate for a relatively short time.

Shibata, M., and C.C. Mei, Slow Parallel Flows of a Water-Granule Mixture Under Gravity .1. Continuum Modeling, Acta Mechanica, 63 (1-4), 179-193, 1986.


Sunamura, T., and N.C. Kraus, Prediction of Average Mixing Depth of Sediment in the Surf Zone, Marine Geology, 62 (1-2), 1-12, 1984.